![]() MTT assay was used to measure the percentage of cell viability ( 17). Cell counting was performed using a hemocytometer (HGB, Germany). The culture medium was replaced with fresh medium three times a week. The cells were incubated in a CO 2 incubator (MEMMERT, IN55) at 37☌ with 5% CO 2 and humidity of 80%. The cells were cultured in 25 mL plastic flasks containing DMEM (DENAzist Asia, Iran), FBS 10% (DENAzist Asia, Iran), and 10µg/mL penicillin-streptomycin solution. The A375 cancer cells were purchased from the Cell Bank of the Iranian Biological Resource Centre, Tehran, Iran. This research was conducted in the Cellular and Molecular Laboratory of Islamic Azad University, Tehran branch (ID: 101290532353935) in 2020. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ciprofloxacin and LPL on apoptosis, cell viability, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) Levels in the A375 cell lines. Low-power laser (LPL) can be an alternative treatment option that minimizes the side effects of current treatments used to treat NMSC ( 16). By careful selection of parameters, lasers can be used to target tumor components. Since the advent of the first lasers, their use in medicine has expanded dramatically ( 15). Ciprofloxacin is the most common fluoroquinolone and is more associated with skin side effects than other fluoroquinolones ( 8). These drugs can form cyclobutane thymine dimers (TT CPDs) to break DNA strands and the oxidized bases by both type I and II reactions ( 13, 14). They are also ultraviolet (UV) chromophores with absorption peaks at 280 - 315 nm (UVB) and 315 - 400 nm (UVA). Fluoroquinolones inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV enzymes, which are essential for bacterial proliferation ( 12). Fluoroquinolone is structurally based on nalidixic acid, which has been replaced by fluorine C6. They have photo-carcinogenic effects in mice ( 10) and increase the risk of pre-malignant skin lesions in patients ( 11). Fluoroquinolone antibiotics have been identified as a light sensitizer with a wide range of adverse skin reactions ( 9). Light-sensitive activated oxygen species can damage nucleic acids and their precursors and the membrane’s proteins and lipids ( 8). Optical sensitivity can be achieved through an exciting chromophore (optical sensitivity type I) and/or the formation of single oxygen (type II) ( 7). This is due to the ability of drugs or their metabolites to absorb energy from sunlight ( 6) and can significantly increase the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Sensitivity of the skin to light is one of the side effects of some drugs. According to studies in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, this could be due to increased daily outdoor activities without adequate clothing, increased seaside travel, prolonged sun exposure, and ozone depletion ( 5). The incidence of skin cancers has increased in recent years ( 4). The origin of skin tumors can be basal layer cells, squamous cells, melanocyte cells (malignant melanoma), immune cells (lymphoma, etc.), skin appendages, etc. Studies have shown that skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the Middle East ( 2). ![]() Skin cancer is one of the most common cancers and affects men more than women ( 1). Synergistic Ciprofloxacin Low Power Laser MTT Assay 1. Because the combination of ciprofloxacin and LPL therapy can stop the proliferation of cancer cells, especially skin cancer cells thus, the use of this treatment can be used to treat cancer in the future. ![]()
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Not a member of Pastebin yet Sign Up, it unlocks many cool features text 0.08 KB None. ![]() ![]() SC to LC adapter assemblies can help connect an SC connector to an LC connector. LC vs SC Connection Handling - LC connector features with latch structure and designs with a locking tab to secure the cable, whereas SC features with push-pull structure and locks in place with a latch to secure the cable.Ģ. Its small size allows twice the port density on a faceplate than an SC connector does. The diameter of the LC is 1.25mm while the SC is 2.5mm, thus LC is more friendly to high-density applications. LC vs SC Size - LC is smaller than SC, which is half the size of it. What is the difference between LC and SC fiber optic connectors? ![]() They are typically applied in high-speed data center and LAN applications.įrequently Asked Questions About Fiber Connectorsġ. MTP connectors are used interchangeably with MPO. An MTP/MPO connector has a capacity of 2-fiber, 4-fiber, 8-fiber, 12-fiber, 24-fiber, even up to 72-fiber. The other is the evolution of LC to MTP/MPO, which aims not only to achieve space-saving but also fulfill the multi-fiber application requirement. ![]() The one is the development from FC, ST, SC connector to LC, which aims to achieve space-saving and miniaturization. The development of fiber connectors can be divided into two stages. ST Connector Structure Fiber Connector Types - MTP/MPO ST is typically used in multimode datacom, however, it has also been replaced by SC or LC connectors. Same as SC and FC, the ferrule diameter of the connector is also 2.5mm. Besides, because of the spring-loaded structure, ST fiber optical connector takes a lot of energy to push and twist the connector. Similar to the FC, the index tab must be carefully aligned with a slot when insertion. ST optical connector features a bayonet structure. Multimode LC Fibers & Single-mode LC Fibersĭuplex OM4 multimode fiber with LC connectorsĭuplex OS2 single mode fiber with LC connectors It has been widely used in both single-mode and multimode SFF (Small Form Factor) transceivers and gradually replaced SC due to its smaller size. The LC connector has dominated the market. The small size contributes to increasing the density of fiber connectors housed in optical fiber wiring frames. The ferrule diameter of the FC is only 1.25mm, which is half of SC and FC connectors. LC fiber connector adopts a modular jack latch structure, which has a great advantage of ease-operation. However, it has been gradually replaced by SC and LC, which provide the equivalent performance of FC but get a faster connection speed yet.įC Connector Structure Fiber Connector Types - LC Same with the SC, the ferrule diameter of the LC fiber connector is also 2.5mm.įC connector is generally used in datacom, telecom, measurement equipment, single-mode lasers, etc since it was introduced. It must be done very carefully when aligning the key, furthermore, there is also the risk of scratching the fiber end face when inserting the ferrule into the jack. ![]() The screw installation of the FC is a little more complicated than the push-pull SC fiber connector. SC Connector Structure Fiber Connector Types - FCįC (Ferrule Connector) features a round screw structure. With the advantages of low price, easy push-pull operation, low insertion loss, good compression strength, etc, it has been widely used since the 1990s with only the ST competing with it. SC is usually used in Gigabit Ethernet networks, datacom, and telecom applications. There is a spring inside the flange and if you hear the springs twanged when you insert the connector into the flange, that means the connector has been properly connected. SC fiber connector stands for square fiber optical connector, which features a square push-pull structure. Next, this article will introduce the widely used fiber connector types in the past and present including FC SC LC ST and MTP/MPO connectors one by one.įiber connector types of LC, SC, FC, ST, MTP, MPO In today’s data center applications, small, simple, and multi-fiber fiber connectors have gradually replaced larger and complex types, achieving higher density fiber ports per unit of rack space. A better connector loses very little light due to reflection or misalignment of the fibers.Ī good fiber connector can be measured as the following factors: However, the widely used types are about a dozen of fiber optic connectors, which can be divided into single-fiber, duplex fiber connectors (such as FC, LC, SC), and multi-fiber connectors (such as MTP/MPO).įiber connector is associated with the reliability and performance of optical transmission systems. According to the estimating, there are hundreds of different fiber connector types on the market. The fiber connector is a kind of detachable passive optical component used in the connection between fiber to fiber, the light source to the fiber, and fiber to the detector to achieve the light maximize coupling to the receiving fiber. ![]() ![]() The long answer: inability to respond back to customers, team members, and more. So what happens when you’re locked out and unable to login or access your email? 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![]() ![]() Perl, Python, Ruby, and Unix shell scripts are also used.Ī web– shell itself cannot attack or exploit a remote vulnerability, so it is always the second step of an attack.□ – The most usually observed web shells are written in widely supported languages, such as PHP and ASP. In the case of a WordPress backdoor hack, it is, possible for an attacker to log in as an administrator but also to edit/delete/add articles on the fly, and remotely of course.Ī web shell can be written in any language supported by the target web server. It can be a hidden decryption key to decrypt normally confidential communications.It can be a default password providing given privileges.It can be a backdoor shell offering a variety of tools to take control of a remote machine.This may be authorized access only through a specific link.It can be the opening of network ports on a server, to connect to it later.These “doors” open can be very different depending on the system or site targeted: ![]() When malicious code is executed on a system, it can indeed open “doors” to facilitate access to the hacker and thus bypass the usual authentication. □ What is a Backdoor?īackdoors□ are pieces of code or mechanisms specifically designed to provide a subsequent access point to a site (or system). This customization is also a door open for backdoors□. This popularity is due in particular to the great personalization offered by themes and extensions. WordPress is by far the most popular CMS (Content Management System). □ Tips To Prevent Web Shell Upload Vulnerabilities in PHP.Web Shell Detection by searching files with grep or findstr commands.□ How to find a Web shell PHP backdoor on server?.Common Tactics Used to Execute Web Shell PHP Exploit.To Setup Zombie Botnet For DDOS attacks.To Gain Persistent Remote Access To Control Server.□ How Web Shell Exploits Are Used By Attackers?. ![]() |